In the course of legalizing the irradiation of beef, chicken, pork, fruit, vegetables, eggs,
juice, spices and sprouting seeds -- a process that has spanned nearly 20 years -- the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration has dismissed or ignored a substantial body of
evidence suggesting that irradiated food may not be safe for human consumption.

The following is a sampling of research -- appearing in scientific journals and other publications -- that raise questions about the FDA's assertions that people who eat
irradiated food have nothing to worry about.

Reproductive Problems, Cancer in Mammals

"A careful analysis by FDA of all Army data present (including 31 loose-leaf notebooks
of animal feeding test results) showed significant adverse effects produced in animals fed irradiated food...

What were these adverse effects?

A decrease of 20.7 percent in surviving weaned rats.
A 32.3 percent decrease in surviving progeny of dogs.
Dogs weighing 11.3 percent less than animals on the control diets... Carcinomas of the pituitary gland, a particularly disturbing finding since this is an extremely rare type of malignant tumor."

Food irradiation: An FDA report. FDA Papers, Oct. 1968.

Fatal Internal Bleeding in Rats (I)
"A significant number of rats consuming irradiated beef died from internal hemorrhage
within 46 days, the first death of a male rat coming on the 11th day of feeding. This rat became sluggish on the 8th day of the regimen and started refusing food. He continued
to be morbid during the next two days, did not eat any food, lost weight and appeared anemic. He was found dead on the 11th day.

Vitamin K deficiency in rats induced by feeding of irradiated beef.
Journal of Nutrition, 69:18-21, 1959. (Cosponsored by the Surgeon General of the US Army)

Fatal Internal Bleeding in Rats (II)
"Hemorrhagic death had occurred in all males fed irradiated diets by day 34... There is evidence to suggest that inefficient absorption of vitamins, i.e. vitamin K, from the
intestinal tract may contribute to a deficiency state." [Note: Vitamin K plays a major role
in blood clotting.]

Influence of age, sex, strain of rat and fat soluble vitamins on hemorrhagic syndromes in
rats fed irradiated beef.
Federation Proceedings, 19:1045-1048, 1960. (Cosponsored by the Surgeon General
of the US Army)

Fetal Deaths in Mice

"Freshly irradiated diets produced elevated levels of early deaths in [mice fetuses]... The increase in early deaths would suggest that the diet when irradiated has some mutagenic potential."

Irradiated laboratory animal diets: Dominant lethal studies in the mouse.
Mutation Research, 80:333-345, 1981.

Embryo Deaths in Mice

"Feeding of mice for two months before mating with 50 percent of the standard complete diet irradiated with gamma rays provokes a significant increase of embryonal deaths, probably to be interpreted as a dominant lethal mutation associated with gross
chromosomal aberrations, such as breaks repeatedly found to be induced by irradiated materials."
Pre-implantation death of mouse eggs caused by irradiated food.

International Journal of Radiation Biology, 18:201-216, 1970.

Radioactive Organs and Excrement in Rats

"Considerable amounts of radioactivity were present in the liver, kidney, stomach, gastrointestinal tract, and blood serum of rats fed irradiated sucrose solutions.
Radioactivity was present in urine and feces samples.
Biochemical effects of irradiated sucrose solutions in the rat. Radiation Research, 37:202-215, 1969.

A Thalidomide Warning (I)

"The thalidomide disaster might have been prevented if an easily performed investigation
of possible cytotoxic effects in plant cells had been made. It must be acknowledged that
any compound causing [cellular] damage must be considered a potential hazard to any
living cell or cell system -- including man."

Toxic effects of irradiated foods. Nature, 211:302, 1966.

A Thalidomide Warning (II)

"Irradiating can bring about chemical transformations in food and food components
resulting in the formation of potential mutagens, particularly hydrogen peroxide and
various organic peroxides.

It is now realized, especially since the thalidomide episode, that older testing protocols
do not detect the more subtle population hazards such as mutagens and teratogens. In
view of the serious consequences to the human population which could arise from a high
level of induced mutations, it is desirable that protocols for irradiated food should include
in vivo tests on mammals for possible mutagenicity."

Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of irradiated foods and food components.

Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 41:873-904, 1969. (Cosponsored by the US Atomic Energy Commission and Food and Drug Administration)

A Host of Problems

"Numerous studies have been carried out to ascertain whether cytotoxic effects occur
when unirradiated biological test systems are cultured or fed with irradiated media or
food. In such studies, adverse physiological growth retardation and inhibition, cytological
cell division inhibition and chromosome aberrations and genetical effects have been
observed in a wide range of test systems, ranging from bacteriophages to human cells...
The available data suggest that a variety of free radicals may act as the toxic and
mutagenic agents."

Cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of irradiated substrates and food material. Radiation
Botany, 11:253-281, 1971.

A Cancer Warning

"An increase in concentration of a mutagen in food by irradiation will increase the
incidence of cancer. It will take four to six decades to demonstrate a statistically
significant increase in cancer due to mutagens introduced into food by irradiation.
When food irradiation is finally prohibited, several decades worth of people with
increased cancer incidence will be in the pipeline."

Food Irradiation. Nutrition, 16:698-701, 2000.

Mutations in Fruit Flies

An increase in the rate of mutation has been found in fruit flies reared on a basic medium
that was irradiated with a sterilizing dose (150,000 rads) of cobalt-60 gamma rays...
Visible changes were two to six times more frequent in the irradiated series than in the controls, such as half-thorax, vestigial wings and incurved wings." [Note: Fruit flies have
long been a dependable bellwether for determining the potential mutagenicity of
substances.]
Mutations: Incidence in Drosophila melanogaster reared on irradiated medium. Science, 141:637-638, 1963.

Fatal Vitamin E Deficiency in Rats

"A considerable number of the second litter of the experimental group of rats that ate irradiated beef died. Symptoms observed were marked fluid buildup of the face, ruffled
hair coat, general incoordination, spastic hopping gait, and sometimes complete loss of movement with dragging of the hind quarters.

Those pups most severely affected often became completely prostrated a short time
before death. In no case were these symptoms noted in the control group. The
probability is that the pups were suffering from the characteristic muscular dystrophy syndrome commonly referred to as nutritional muscular dystrophy known to result from a marginal vitamin E intake."
Growth, reproduction, survival and histopathology of rats fed beef irradiated with
electrons.

Food Research, 20:193-214, 1955.

Chromosomal Damage to Human Cells (I)

"Irradiated sucrose solutions were extremely toxic to human white blood cells. Cell
divisions were inhibited. Degenerated cell divisions were observed and the chromosomes were grossly damaged. The DNA was clumped or the chromosomes appeared shattered
or pulverized. In contrast, treatment with unirradiated sucrose at the same concentration
had no apparent effect on the mitotic rate and the chromosomes were not visibly
damaged."

Effects of irradiated sucrose on the chromosomes of human lymphocytes in vitro. Nature, 211:1254-1255, 1966.

Chromosomal Damage to Human Cells (II)

"White blood cell cultures from four different healthy human males underwent a
considerable inhibition of mitosis and chromosome fragmentation."

Cytotoxic and radiomimetic activity of irradiated culture medium on human leukocytes. Current Science, 16:403-404, 1966.

Toxic Chemical Formed in Food Containing Fat (I)

"When food containing fat is treated by ionizing radiation, a group of 2-
alkylcyclobutanones [toxic chemicals] is formed. To date, there is no evidence that the cyclobutanones occur in unirradiated food. In vitro experiments using rat and human
colon cells indicate that 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB)... is clearly cytotoxic and genotoxic."

Genotoxic properties of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone, a compound formed on irradiation of
food containing fat. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 52:39-42, 1998. (Cosponsored
by the International Consultative Group on Food Irradiation)